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Drug addiction in young

21/06/2012 17:02

 

Heroin was the drug in the past "the young officer. Now, alcohol, cocaine and designer drugs have superseded bringing new problems. According to the latest data obtained from the National Drug Observatory in Spain, young people begin using them at age 14.
 
When they do it? Weekends, and almost always by adding alcohol. It may be a perfectly normal boy and integrated in society: studying, help at home, play sports ... but on Friday and Saturday using drugs and, believe it or not, that occasional consumption is also very dangerous.
 
The danger of drugs
 
Every time a young man turns to drugs to, he said, to enjoy life or cope with its demands, is limiting the opportunity to develop their own resources. The drug induces, on the other hand, behaviors "control" in which the risks are not measured, nor the consequences of what is being done.
 
The main problem of drugs is their ability to create dependency. All drugs have this feature. Although it is claimed that some drugs do not produce physical dependence (cannabis, hallucinogens, ecstasy), this is a controversial issue. In that there is unanimity on the ability of drugs to cause psychological or emotional dependence.
 
In addition, many of the drugs found in the illegal market are often subjected to processes of adulteration. In these cases, the wearer does not know what they are consuming and, therefore, is unpredictable with some added risks. Thousands of young people die each year for this reason, in addition to the millions who are trapped by the defect, which, according to their own versions of the drug, much worse than the worst of the prisons and tortures.
 
All experts agree that there are several risk factors that can lead to adolescent drug use:
 
- Lack of autonomy in decision making
- Little critical ability to pressure from friends
- Inability to resolve conflicts or problems
- Lack of self control
- A poorly defined system of values, marked by a lack of responsible behavior
- Low self-esteem
 
The environment in which the person moves is also key when using drugs. There are environments in which these substances have social prestige, is frowned upon to take them, are associated with leisure and fun, are hot and all, easier to use.
 
The information circulating in these environments is often biased in a way that minimizes risks and exaggerate their benefits. We know that certain environmental conflicting or marginal direct impact on the onset of drug use.
 
Here the fundamental importance that parents are always aware of relationships and the "friends" of their children, to the extent possible to provide preventive and failing that, the appropriate corrective once detected the drug problem .
 

ALCOHOLISM

17/06/2012 09:57

 

Is alcoholism a disease?
 
Yes, alcoholism is a progressive, chronic, degenerative disease, with symptoms that include a strong need to take despite negative consequences.
 
The disease is characterized by physical damage to all body systems, the most complicated those related to the cardiovascular system, nervous system and liver.
 
When drinking is exaggerated or recurrent tolerance occurs. That is, the body requires a higher dose of alcohol to get the same feelings. This facilitates the addiction, which is accompanied by great difficulties to stop consumption when you start drinking. By suspending the use of alcohol, you develop symptoms such as nausea, tremors and anxiety.
 
Moreover, the alcoholic loses interest in his surroundings, which can lead to loss of their jobs and their families.
 
What are the immediate effects of the consumption of alcoholic beverages?
 
The effects are shown in a sequence of steps provided that the individual is still drinking and according to the amount and type of beverage ingested. It also influences the volume of food found in the stomach, the body weight of the person and the circumstances in which you drink:
 
First: The subject is relaxed, it becomes communicative, sociable and uninhibited, because the alcohol first depresses the nerve centers that control the inhibition of impulses, so that the behavior is released, the individual seems excited.
 
Second: The behavior is essentially emotional, erratic, problems of judgment and there is difficulty in muscular coordination, and impaired vision and balance.
 
Third: The individual has mental confusion, staggers when walking, have double vision, reactions and behavior variables: panic, aggression and crying. Moreover it has serious difficulties to properly pronounce words and to understand what is said.
 
Fourth: Inability to stand, vomiting, incontinence of urine, stupor, unconsciousness approach.
 
Fifth: unconsciousness, absent reflexes. Coma that can lead to death by respiratory paralysis.
 
What happens is that when a person ingests a drink, 20% of alcohol in the beverage is immediately absorbed through the stomach wall and into the blood.
 
The other 80% is processed a little more slowly and is also absorbed from the small intestine, to circulate in the blood. If alcohol intake is stopped or continued in moderation, alcohol levels in the blood is kept low, because a healthy liver can metabolize, with the help of the elimination of alcohol in the urine and breath. However, when the speed of ingestion and the amount taken beyond the possibility of deleting it difficult muscle coordination and balance, are impeding the memory and judgment, plus you can reach states of intoxication that threaten life.
 
What are the consequences of excessive consumption?
 
Ø After a while of abusing alcohol, there is an impairment in various organs including the stomach, liver, kidneys and heart and nervous system.
Ø A number of diseases associated with repeated consumption of alcoholic beverages, such as liver cirrhosis and heart disease.
Ø Some studies show that those new to the abuse of alcohol from young people, have a life expectancy of 5 to 10 years younger than those who do not experience this.
Ø Alcohol is a drug more dangerous for women who are pregnant, because in the woman's body turns alcohol into substances harmful to cells that are absorbed by the fetus. In large amounts increases the risk of birth defects, such as "fetal alcohol syndrome," which involves the formation of a small skull, abnormal features, physical and mental retardation. Drinking alcohol in late pregnancy, may also affect the fetus.
Ø In the cardiovascular system, increases the risk of heart disease, the drinking increases levels of lipids (fats in the blood) that can lead to atherosclerosis, increases the risk of early death and heart attack, and the development of cardiomopatia.
Ø In the nervous system, damage the central nervous system is recognized after many years.
Ø developed neurological problems may occur due to lack of vitamin B.
Ø The gastrointestinal system is probably the most damaged by the effect of alcohol consumption. We can see facial ulcers (bleeding ulcers and perforating), pancreas problems and increased incidence of developing esophageal cancer.
Ø Alcoholics may develop cirrhosis. In the first stage of cirrhosis, the liver cells accumulate damage and lipid droplets, the more cells undergo this infiltration, the liver swells more. If drinking continues, scars form until it becomes irreversible.
 
What is alcohol abuse?
 
Alcohol abuse occurs when the drinker gets to feel intoxicated and unable to meet its obligations or endangers her life and that of others while driving, excessive risk taking or has violent behavior under the influence of alcohol. If these episodes in which heavy drinking is frequently repeated, may develop dependence or alcoholism.
 
Can alcoholism be cured?
 
NO. Alcoholism is a treatable illness and medication has become available to prevent relapse, but the cure has yet been found. This means it is possible to maintain abstinence for a long period of time, thereby improving the health of the alcoholic, but relapse is an ongoing risk.

Plants, allied health.

13/06/2012 20:48

If we could ask you a riddle: What is something that takes all shapes and sizes, can help prevent cancer, heart disease and obesity? And the answer is no magic diet pills based on, but: VEGETABLES.

Some societies as advanced as the U.S., with high living standards are not aware of this. More than half of Americans do not eat other vegetables potatoes, beans and some salad. This means very little variety.

The Spanish have enjoyed a privileged Mediterranean diet endorsed today by all the food and health experts from around the world. But it is worth remembering a few reasons why we should eat many more vegetables every day.

Links in Euroresidentes:

Fruits and vegetables in season for each month.     

Vegetarian

Food and properties

ThinDictionary of Cooking, food and food

1. Vegetables have very few calorías.En our society more and more overweight people. To lose the kilos left over we have to eat fewer calories and increase our activity level. Eating vegetables in main dishes of our meals can help you lose weight.

2. Vegetables are low in fat and cholesterol. A high-fat diet increases the likelihood of heart disease and certain cancers. Vegetables also are very poor in the type of fat linked to heart disease. Many foods from the animal kingdom contain cholesterol. Consumption of vegetables, which contain no cholesterol at all, can prevent the risk of this deadly disease, balancing the diet.
3. Vegetables are low in sodium. The sodium salt is in many other foods. Too much sodium can cause high blood pressure in some people. Fresh vegetables contain very little sodium. In general, frozen vegetables have more sodium than fresh, packaged and still have higher levels. Read the labels on food packages to find products with the lowest amount of sodium.
4. Vegetables are rich in vitamins and minerals. Dark green and orange vegetables may help protect against some types of cancer like throat or lung. Plants of those colors have beta-carotene, a pigment that is converted into vitamin A by our body. Foods rich in beta-carotene may help prevent cancer. This group of vegetables include carrots, pumpkin, spinach, broccoli (or broccoli), sweet potatoes, cabbage ...-
 
-Vitamin C. Many vegetables also contain high levels of vitamin C and can help prevent cancer of the throat and stomach. Among those that are rich in vitamin C include peppers (chiles), cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, tomatoes, collard greens ...
-Iron. Some vegetables are good sources of iron. This mineral is needed to generate the components of the blood and provide energy. Too little iron in the diet can cause anemia. Foods high in iron include spinach, peas, beans, beet greens and whole potatoes.
-Calcium. The dark green vegetables such as spinach, broccoli, cabbage ... are rich in calcium. Calcium is needed for healthy bones, teeth and can prevent osteoporosis.
 
5. Pumpkin plants and mustard family have extra values ​​to health. This family of vegetables includes cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, kale and mustard greens parties. These vegetables are called cruciferous (because their flowers resemble a cross) and it can help lower the risk of colon cancer, stomach and lung.
6. Vegetables are rich in fiber. The fiber is that part of the plants that can not be digested or absorbed by the body. A diet rich in fiber may protect against colon cancer. All vegetables are sources of fiber. It's much better to get fiber from food than pills or other sources. Too much fiber can make it harder for your body to absorb certain nutrients like iron.

 

History of the English Languaje

13/06/2012 15:18

 

A short history of the origins and development of English

The history of the English language really started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD. These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and northern Germany. At that time the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language. But most of the Celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders - mainly into what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The Angles came from "Englaland" [sic] and their language was called "Englisc" - from which the words "England" and "English" are derived.

Map of Germanic invasions
Germanic invaders entered Britain on the east and south coasts in the 5th century.

Old English (450-1100 AD)

Example of Old English
Part of Beowulf, a poem written in Old English.

The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar languages, which in Britain developed into what we now call Old English. Old English did not sound or look like English today. Native English speakers now would have great difficulty understanding Old English. Nevertheless, about half of the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots. The words be,strong and water, for example, derive from Old English. Old English was spoken until around 1100.

Middle English (1100-1500)

Example of Middle English
An example of Middle English by Chaucer.

In 1066 William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy (part of modern France), invaded and conquered England. The new conquerors (called the Normans) brought with them a kind of French, which became the language of the Royal Court, and the ruling and business classes. For a period there was a kind of linguistic class division, where the lower classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French. In the 14th century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added. This language is called Middle English. It was the language of the great poet Chaucer (c1340-1400), but it would still be difficult for native English speakers to understand today.

Modern English

Early Modern English (1500-1800)

Towards the end of Middle English, a sudden and distinct change in pronunciation (the Great Vowel Shift) started, with vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter. From the 16th century the British had contact with many peoples from around the world.

Example of Early Modern English
Hamlet's famous "To be, or not to be" lines, written in Early Modern English by Shakespeare.

This, and the Renaissance of Classical learning, meant that many new words and phrases entered the language. The invention of printing also meant that there was now a common language in print. Books became cheaper and more people learned to read. Printing also brought standardization to English. Spelling and grammar became fixed, and the dialect of London, where most publishing houses were, became the standard. In 1604 the first English dictionary was published.

 

Late Modern English (1800-Present)

The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary. Late Modern English has many more words, arising from two principal factors: firstly, the Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words; secondly, the British Empire at its height covered one quarter of the earth's surface, and the English language adopted foreign words from many countries.

Varieties of English

From around 1600, the English colonization of North America resulted in the creation of a distinct American variety of English. Some English pronunciations and words "froze" when they reached America. In some ways, American English is more like the English of Shakespeare than modern British English is. Some expressions that the British call "Americanisms" are in fact original British expressions that were preserved in the colonies while lost for a time in Britain (for example trash for rubbish, loan as a verb instead of lend, and fall for autumn; another example, frame-up, was re-imported into Britain through Hollywood gangster movies). Spanish also had an influence on American English (and subsequently British English), with words like canyon, ranch, stampede and vigilante being examples of Spanish words that entered English through the settlement of the American West. French words (through Louisiana) and West African words (through the slave trade) also influenced American English (and so, to an extent, British English).

Today, American English is particularly influential, due to the USA's dominance of cinema, television, popular music, trade and technology (including the Internet). But there are many other varieties of English around the world, including for example Australian English, New Zealand English, Canadian English, South African English, Indian English and Caribbean English.

The Germanic Family of Languages
Chart of the Germanic family of languages
English is a member of the Germanic family of languages.
Germanic is a branch of the Indo-European language family.

A brief chronology of English
55 BC Roman invasion of Britain by Julius Caesar. Local inhabitants speak Celtish
AD 43 Roman invasion and occupation. Beginning of Roman rule of Britain.
436 Roman withdrawal from Britain complete.
449 Settlement of Britain by Germanic invaders begins
450-480 Earliest known Old English inscriptions. Old English
1066 William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, invades and conquers England.
c1150 Earliest surviving manuscripts in Middle English. Middle English
1348 English replaces Latin as the language of instruction in most schools.
1362 English replaces French as the language of law. English is used in Parliament for the first time.
c1388 Chaucer starts writing The Canterbury Tales.
c1400 The Great Vowel Shift begins.
1476 William Caxton establishes the first English printing press. Early Modern English
1564 Shakespeare is born.
1604 Table Alphabeticall, the first English dictionary, is published.
1607 The first permanent English settlement in the New World (Jamestown) is established.
1616 Shakespeare dies.
1623 Shakespeare's First Folio is published
1702 The first daily English-language newspaper, The Daily Courant, is published in London.
1755 Samuel Johnson publishes his English dictionary.
1776 Thomas Jefferson writes the American Declaration of Independence.
1782 Britain abandons its colonies in what is later to become the USA.
1828 Webster publishes his American English dictionary. Late Modern English
1922 The British Broadcasting Corporation is founded.
1928 The Oxford English Dictionary is published.

 

Isaac Newton

13/06/2012 14:22

 

Newton, Sir Isaac (1642-1727), English natural philosopher, generally regarded as the most original and influential theorist in the history of science. In addition to his invention of the infinitesimal calculus and a new theory of light and color, Newton transformed the structure of physical science with his three laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation. As the keystone of the scientific revolution of the 17th century, Newton's work combined the contributions of Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Descartes, and others into a new and powerful synthesis. Three centuries later the resulting structure - classical mechanics - continues to be a useful but no less elegant monument to his genius.
Life & Character - Isaac Newton was born prematurely on Christmas day 1642 (4 January 1643, New Style) in Woolsthorpe, a hamlet near Grantham in Lincolnshire. The posthumous son of an illiterate yeoman (also named Isaac), the fatherless infant was small enough at birth to fit 'into a quartpot.' When he was barely three years old Newton's mother, Hanna (Ayscough), placed her first born with his grandmother in order to remarry and raise a second family with Barnabas Smith, a wealthy rector from nearby North Witham. Much has been made of Newton's posthumous birth, his prolonged separation from his mother, and his unrivaled hatred of his stepfather. Until Hanna returned to Woolsthorpe in 1653 after the death of her second husband, Newton was denied his mother's attention, a possible clue to his complex character. Newton's childhood was anything but happy, and throughout his life he verged on emotional collapse, occasionally falling into violent and vindictive attacks against friend and foe alike.
 
With his mother's return to Woolsthorpe in 1653, Newton was taken from school to fulfill his birthright as a farmer. Happily, he failed in this calling, and returned to King's School at Grantham to prepare for entrance to Trinity College, Cambridge. Numerous anecdotes survive from this period about Newton's absent-mindedness as a fledging farmer and his lackluster performance as a student. But the turning point in Newton's life came in June 1661 when he left Woolsthorpe for Cambridge University. Here Newton entered a new world, one he could eventually call his own.
 
Although Cambridge was an outstanding center of learning, the spirit of the scientific revolution had yet to penetrate its ancient and somewhat ossified curriculum. Little is known of Newton's formal studies as an undergraduate, but he likely received large doses of Aristotle as well as other classical authors. And by all appearances his academic performance was undistinguished. In 1664 Isaac Barrow, Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge, examined Newton's understanding of Euclid and found it sorely lacking. We now know that during his undergraduate years Newton was deeply engrossed in private study, that he privately mastered the works of René Descartes, Pierre Gassendi, Thomas Hobbes, and other major figures of the scientific revolution. A series of extant notebooks shows that by 1664 Newton had begun to master Descartes' Géométrie and other forms of mathematics far in advance of Euclid's Elements. Barrow, himself a gifted mathematician, had yet to appreciate Newton's genius.
 
In 1665 Newton took his bachelor's degree at Cambridge without honors or distinction. Since the university was closed for the next two years because of plague, Newton returned to Woolsthorpe in midyear. There, in the following 18 months, he made a series of original contributions to science. As he later recalled, 'All this was in the two plague years of 1665 and 1666, for in those days I was in my prime of age for invention, and minded mathematics and philosophy more than at any time since.' In mathematics Newton conceived his 'method of fluxions' (infinitesimal calculus), laid the foundations for his theory of light and color, and achieved significant insight into the problem of planetary motion, insights that eventually led to the publication of his Principia (1687).
 
In April 1667, Newton returned to Cambridge and, against stiff odds, was elected a minor fellow at Trinity. Success followed good fortune. In the next year he became a senior fellow upon taking his master of arts degree, and in 1669, before he had reached his 27th birthday, he succeeded Isaac Barrow as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. The duties of this appointment offered Newton the opportunity to organize the results of his earlier optical researches, and in 1672, shortly after his election to the Royal Society, he communicated his first public paper, a brilliant but no less controversial study on the nature of color.
 
In the first of a series of bitter disputes, Newton locked horns with the society's celebrated curator of experiments, the bright but brittle Robert Hooke. The ensuing controversy, which continued until 1678, established a pattern in Newton's behavior. After an initial skirmish, he quietly retreated. Nonetheless, in 1675 Newton ventured another yet another paper, which again drew lightning, this time charged with claims that he had plagiarized from Hooke. The charges were entirely ungrounded. Twice burned, Newton withdrew.
 
In 1678, Newton suffered a serious emotional breakdown, and in the following year his mother died. Newton's response was to cut off contact with others and engross himself in alchemical research. These studies, once an embarrassment to Newton scholars, were not misguided musings but rigorous investigations into the hidden forces of nature. Newton's alchemical studies opened theoretical avenues not found in the mechanical philosophy, the world view that sustained his early work. While the mechanical philosophy reduced all phenomena to the impact of matter in motion, the alchemical tradition upheld the possibility of attraction and repulsion at the particulate level. Newton's later insights in celestial mechanics can be traced in part to his alchemical interests. By combining action-at-a-distance and mathematics, Newton transformed the mechanical philosophy by adding a mysterious but no less measurable quantity, gravitational force.
 
In 1666, as tradition has it, Newton observed the fall of an apple in his garden at Woolsthorpe, later recalling, 'In the same year I began to think of gravity extending to the orb of the Moon.' Newton's memory was not accurate. In fact, all evidence suggests that the concept of universal gravitation did not spring full-blown from Newton's head in 1666 but was nearly 20 years in gestation. Ironically, Robert Hooke helped give it life. In November 1679, Hooke initiated an exchange of letters that bore on the question of planetary motion. Although Newton hastily broke off the correspondence, Hooke's letters provided a conceptual link between central attraction and a force falling off with the square of distance. Sometime in early 1680, Newton appears to have quietly drawn his own conclusions.
 
Meanwhile, in the coffeehouses of London, Hooke, Edmund Halley, and Christopher Wren struggled unsuccessfully with the problem of planetary motion. Finally, in August 1684, Halley paid a legendary visit to Newton in Cambridge, hoping for an answer to his riddle:  What type of curve does a planet describe in its orbit around the sun, assuming an inverse square law of attraction? When Halley posed the question, Newton's ready response was 'an ellipse.' When asked how he knew it was an ellipse Newton replied that he had already calculated it. Although Newton had privately answered one of the riddles of the universe--and he alone possessed the mathematical ability to do so--he had characteristically misplaced the calculation. After further discussion he promised to send Halley a fresh calculation forthwith. In partial fulfillment of his promise Newton produced his De Motu of 1684. From that seed, after nearly two years of intense labor, the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica appeared. Arguably, it is the most important book published in the history of science. But if the Principia was Newton's brainchild, Hooke and Halley were nothing less than midwives.
 
Although the Principia was well received, its future was cast in doubt before it appeared. Here again Hooke was center stage, this time claiming (not without justification) that his letters of 1679-1680 earned him a role in Newton's discovery. But to no effect. Newton was so furious with Hooke that he threatened to suppress Book III of the Principia altogether, finally denouncing science as 'an impertinently litigious lady.' Newton calmed down and finally consented to publication. But instead of acknowledging Hooke's contribution Newton systematically deleted every possible mention of Hooke's name. Newton's hatred for Hooke was consumptive. Indeed, Newton later withheld publication of his Opticks (1704) and virtually withdrew from the Royal Society until Hooke's death in 1703.
 
After publishing the Principia, Newton became more involved in public affairs. In 1689 he was elected to represent Cambridge in Parliament, and during his stay in London he became acquainted with John Locke, the famous philosopher, and Nicolas Fatio de Duillier, a brilliant young mathematician who became an intimate friend. In 1693, however, Newton suffered a severe nervous disorder, not unlike his breakdown of 1677-1678. The cause is open to interpretation: overwork; the stress of controversy; the unexplained loss of friendship with Fatio; or perhaps chronic mercury poisoning, the result of nearly three decades of alchemical research. Each factor may have played a role. We only know Locke and Samuel Pepys received strange and seemingly deranged letters that prompted concern for Newton's 'discomposure in head, or mind, or both.' Whatever the cause, shortly after his recovery Newton sought a new position in London. In 1696, with the help of Charles Montague, a fellow of Trinity and later earl of Halifax, Newton was appointed Warden and then Master of the Mint. His new position proved 'most proper,' and he left Cambridge for London without regret.
 
During his London years Newton enjoyed power and worldly success. His position at the Mint assured a comfortable social and economic status, and he was an active and able administrator. After the death of Hooke in 1703, Newton was elected president of the Royal Society and was annually reelected until his death. In 1704 he published his second major work, the Opticks, based largely on work completed decades before. He was knighted in 1705.
 
Although his creative years had passed, Newton continued to exercise a profound influence on the development of science. In effect, the Royal Society was Newton's instrument, and he played it to his personal advantage. His tenure as president has been described as tyrannical and autocratic, and his control over the lives and careers of younger disciples was all but absolute. Newton could not abide contradiction or controversy - his quarrels with Hooke provide singular examples. But in later disputes, as president of the Royal Society, Newton marshaled all the forces at his command. For example, he published Flamsteed's astronomical observations - the labor of a lifetime - without the author's permission; and in his priority dispute with Leibniz concerning the calculus, Newton enlisted younger men to fight his war of words, while behind the lines he secretly directed charge and countercharge. In the end, the actions of the Society were little more than extensions of Newton's will, and until his death he dominated the landscape of science without rival. He died in London on March 20, 1727 (March 31, New Style).

Advances in medicine

12/06/2012 22:14

 

MEDICINE
 
 
The rapid technological development of medicine in recent decades has allowed the creation of various systems for diagnosis and treatment of disease. Along with this has created new drugs, new surgical techniques and methods.
Medicine is a science that cures and prevents diseases and is also concerned with maintaining healthy body.
Throughout the nineteenth century medicine was favored by many discoveries that facilitated major advances in a given diagnosis of diseases. In 1819, the French physician Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laënnec invented the stethoscope, the instrument used by physicians today. Thomas Addison discovered the disorder of the adrenal glands known as Addison's disease, Richard Bright diagnosed nephritis or Bright's disease; Thomas Hodgkin described Hodgkin's disease that affects the lymphatic system, the surgeon and paleontologist James Parkinson described Parkinson's disease, and the Irish physician Robert Graves Jaes diagnosed exophthalmic goiter. Charles Darwin explains his theory of evolution, Gregor Mendel performed experiments that stimulated the studies on human genetics and heredity. Louis Pasteur demonstrated the germ theory as the cause of diseases and developed vaccines for several diseases, including rabies.
Soon Investigations isolate the causes and develop therapies for diseases such as diphtheria, tuberculosis, leprosy and plague.
Surgery significantly benefited the germ theory. Thus, the English surgeon Joseph Lister, proposed the use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic agent. The result was the decline in mortality from wound infection and implementation of sterilization of medical instruments. He entered the era of antiseptic surgery.
Another breakthrough of this period was the discovery of anesthetics. In 1850, in almost all countries used surgical anesthesia with ether or chloroform.
X rays are a surprising leap for medicine, was accidentally discovered by German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. Then, the French physicists Pierre and Marie Curie gave the radio.
In 1900, physician, surgeon and bacteriologist Walter Reed and his colleagues worked with the idea of ​​Cuban biologist Carlos Juan Finlay, demonstrated that the mosquito was the vector of yellow fever.
The achievements of the twentieth century, live longer allow people to unimaginable limits. Science, technology and the dedicated work of scientists around the world have managed to overcome many infectious diseases through vaccines, antibiotics and improved living conditions.
Fundamental is the knowledge acquired during the twentieth century on the transmission of hereditary characteristics. Progress was made in the forties when Oswald Theodore Avery and colleagues at the Rockefeller Institute when they showed that some characters could pass from one bacterium to another through a substance called deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA. Then in 1953 the English physicist Francis Harry Compton Crick and U.S. biologist James Dewey Watson proposed a chemical structure of DNA explained how genetic information is carried and the American biochemist Har Gobind Khorana was the first to use these results to synthesize a gene in 1970. These applications have enabled the development of genetic engineering disciplines or gene cloning.
Artificial heart
Surgical microscopes have allowed such a level of precision in surgery that doctors can now attach finger amputees. Prostheses, transplants of vital organs such as heart or kidney, lasers, sulfa antibiotics, the surprising discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming, the treatment of tuberculosis, vaccines to prevent typhoid fever, Smallpox, diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis B, herpes simplex, chicken pox, malaria, are just some examples of the tremendous achievements of medicine in the twentieth century.
According to the medical journal "New England Journal of Medicine", the major milestones of the millennium are:
Understanding the anatomy and physiology
The discovery of cells, thanks to the invention of the microscope
The Biochemistry
The germ theory of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch
The DNA model of James Dewey Watson and Francis Crick
Emergence of vaccine
The discovery of X rays and their subsequent use in medicine
Antibiotics 
should also be noted:
The Artificial Kidney (1942): Willem Johan Kolff announced in a dialysis unit. Allowed patients suffering from chronic renal failure, filter and clean your blood.
Defibrillator (1947): Paul Zoll built in North American AC apparatus to restore heart rhythm.
Ultrasound Diagnostic Ultrasound (1947): The American Douglas Howry in 1947 initiated an investigation to apply ultrasound in the study of human soft tissue.
Invention of the Pacemakers (1952): In 1952 Dr. Paul Zoll American implanted a pacemaker in the chest of a patient with heart rhythm problems.
The First Transplant (1954): The first successful transplant was performed by a surgical team in Boston (USA) in 1954.
On December 3, 1967 South African Dr. Christian N. Barnard performed the first heart transplant operation.
Polio Vaccine (1954): Edward Salk Jonas, working on a flu vaccine in the 1940s, research that led him and his colleagues to develop a polio vaccine in 1952. After being successfully tested worldwide in 1954, the vaccine was distributed in the United States.
New Surgical Techniques: Cryosurgery (Irving Cooper, 1960), using the microscope in surgery (1963) success.

First blog

01/06/2012 00:15

Our new blog has been launched today. Stay focused on it and we will try to keep you informed. You can read new posts on this blog via the RSS feed.

MYTHOLOGICAL BEINGS

30/05/2012 15:00

 

MYTHOLOGICAL BEINGS

 

Then we will begin the first chapter of Greek mythology that is dedicated to all who are interested in reading the ancient Hellenic literature.

The first works that came into our hands are called Homer "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey" that form the basis of literary knowledge of the West. Both are difficult to understand if you do not have on hand a glossary of Greek mythology.

To kick off this first part we selected the twelve gods of Olympus immediately accompanied by its Latin name.

For example, Aphrodite, the Greek name / Venus, Roman name. In a text called "Gods and heroes of Greek mythology."

Transcription and opening paragraph of Xrisí Tefarikis Athina.Aphrodite

VENUS

She is the goddess of love. Born from the foam of the sea of ​​Cyprus fertilized by the genitals of Heaven / Uranus, thrown there by his son Cronus / Saturn after being castrated. Aphrodite is the "lover's smile," "braiding of deception.

"During the trial in Paris, nothing could the majesty of the goddess Hera and Athena's bellicosity against its seductive beauty. It was the protector of Paris and Troy, and then the Latin hero Aeneas, the son of Anchises and symbolic founder of Rome.

Fertility is also in plant and animal nature. The dove is the bird lewd. His son is Eros the archer capricious Cupid-Latin two darts, one for happy love for the unfortunate other.

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APOLLO

The god of light, son of Zeus and Leto, was born in the brilliant, erratic island of Delos. He settled in the sanctuary of Delphi, having killed the serpent Python, and established his principal oracle as the god of divination and divination.

It is also the god of music, medicine and poetry and as such chairs the choir of the nine Muses, "crowned with violets," living on Mount Helicon. His most famous rule was a sensible recommendation psychological: "Know thyself.

 

 

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ARES/MARS

Symbolizes and Ares is war. Son of Zeus and Hera his wedded wife, the brash and burly Ares fighting knows no friends or enemies, destroy all without distinction. So Athena, defender of the just war, hates the god of war free.

Nowhere in Greece is well received and honored. It is death, pain and destruction. Something bully by your muscles, gets the love of the beautiful Aphrodite, dissatisfied with her husband crippled, the lame Hephaestus. When the two lovers were caught in bed, only goddesses of modesty, missed the show while all Olympus rang with laughter inextinguishable.

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ARTEMIS/DIANA

Apollo's sister, lover of forests and hunting.

Goddess of virginity and meadows untrodden by the foot of the pastor, which dislike the mere presence of men.

His most fervent worshiper and unhappy is the chaste Hippolytus.

Huntress accurate, does not hesitate to punish anyone who dares to contemplate his virginal nudity-that's what happened to Actaeon, who, by his boldness, was transformed into a stag and devoured by his own dogs.

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ATENA/MINERVA

The goddess Athena is intelligence, and therefore gives rise to the head of Zeus. She is the goddess counselor and protector of the city and political institutions.

Introduced in Attica the olive tree as a symbol of civilization, and is also the patron of artisans.

Her city is Athens and the Parthenon temple. Goddess of the just war. Its ductile character block to perfection with the wily Odysseus, the hero of many resources, artimañero.

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